This exists in VSCode via the Jump to cursor command. (And it works; I tested it just now. But it might have some limitations.) You can access it in the context menu or command palette window, or set up a custom keyboard shortcut.
The VSCode debugger can also pause, resume, and attach to a running process.
An alias set next statement command also exists.
This command is implemented using the VSCode debugger adapter protocol “Goto Request”
That protocol is implemented for Python by debugpy
which does support Goto Requests.
If you find specific limitations you might have more luck reporting them directly to the debugpy project.
PEP 768 might be the relevant topic to follow if you’re interested in the core Python part of this.